种植体冠根比对边缘骨吸收的影响——叙述性综述
前言
如今,种植牙被认为是替代天然牙的可靠解决方案。目前已经实现了种植体和修复体的高存活率(5年后在98%以上)[1,2]。成功的种植治疗,从种植体水平考量的标准是:无疼痛,第一年垂直向骨吸收<1.5 mm,此后每年<0.2 mm,种植体周围无射线透射影,种植体无松动,无感染[3]。因此,边缘骨吸收(MBL)是种植体长期稳定性的一种有利因素[4]。不利的种植体冠根比(C/I-R)、咬合过载、后牙咀嚼面宽度、离轴载荷和悬臂是导致种植修复治疗失败的因素[5-7]。悬臂[8]、咬合过载[9]和离轴载荷对修复并发症的影响已在很大程度上得到证实。
然而,C/I-R 对 MBL 的影响尚不清楚。C/I-R是冠根比的修复参数在种植学中的应用。理想情况下,基牙牙冠与牙根的比例应为 1:2,至少为 1:1。为了避免不利的 C/I-R,这些修复概念已用于种植牙科学。C/I-R 是指牙冠和种植体长度之间的比例。我们可以区分两种不同的C/I-R:
- 解剖比是指种植体根尖到种植体肩台的距离与种植体肩台到牙冠末端的距离的比值;
- 临床比是指根尖到骨水平的距离与骨水平到牙冠末端的距离的比值。
在文献中,有证据证明MBL和C/I-R之间存在关系[10],也有认为不存在[11,12]关系,一项研究甚至推断高CI可能对骨质吸收提供保护作用[13]。此外,为避免骨增量手术引入的短种植体,导致C/I-R越来越高。应研究安全阈值以避免生物并发症并保证治疗成功。本研究旨在阐明C/I-R在MBL中的作用。我们根据叙述性综述报告清单(可从https://fomm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/fomm-20-57/rc 获得)呈现以下文章。
方法
所选文献通过MEDLINE数据库(通过PubMed)结合关键词:“种植体冠根比”、“边缘骨吸收”、“牙槽骨吸收、“短种植体”进行识别。对相关综述的参考文献进行了补充检索。纳入的研究必须满足以下要求:
- 至少随访1年;
- 应报告平均 C-I/R;
- 结果测量应至少包括骨质改变;
- 出版物必须用英文报道。
文章的选择路径如图1所示。
讨论总结
最初通过MEDLINE搜索确定了87项研究。查阅相关综述发现另外5篇符合纳入标准的文章。在删除重复项并分析标题和摘要后,58项研究因不符合纳入标准而被排除。其余29篇论文通过全文分析进行评估。由于缺乏边缘骨变化和C/I-R测量等信息,在全文阅读后最终排除了9篇文章。所选研究的特征见表1和表2。Anitua等[14]在一项回顾性研究中分析了45个平均C/I-R 为2.4的种植体,报告的平均MBL为近中骨质1.01 mm,远中骨质0.89 mm。Birdi等[15]在一项回顾性研究中研究了309个种植体,平均C/I-R为2.0,平均MBL为0.2 mm。Blanes等[16]在一项前瞻性研究中分析了109个平均C/I-R为1.77的种植体,分别计算了3个不同组别的 MBL:A组(C/I-R 0–0.99):0.35 mm,B组(C/I-R 1–1.99):0.03 mm,C组(C/I-R >2):0.02 mm。De Fiore等[17]回顾性研究了108个种植体,平均 C/I-R为2.21,报告的平均MBL为1.42 mm。Guljé等[18]在一项前瞻性研究中分析了 47 个种植体,平均C/I-R为 2.14,报告的MBL为0.13 mm。Hadzik等[19]对C/I-R为1.69的30个种植体进行了前瞻性研究,报告的MBL为0.34 mm。Hingsammer等[20]在一项前瞻性研究中分析了76个种植体,平均C/I-R为 1.70,MBL为 0.71 mm。Lee等[21]回顾性研究了175个种植体,平均C/I-R为1.06,报告的MBL为 0.93 mm。Malchiodi等[22]在一项前瞻性研究中分析了280个种植体,解剖冠根比和临床冠根比分别为1.84 和2.08,MBL为0.48 mm。Mangano等[23]对68个种植体进行了前瞻性研究,平均C/I-R为 1.70。负荷5年后,C/I <2和C/I >2组报告的平均MBL分别为0.38 mm和0.48 mm。Naenni等[24]在一项前瞻性队列研究中分析了96个种植体,6 mm组的平均C/I-R为1.75,10 mm组的平均C/I-R为1.04,6 mm组平均MBL为0.29 mm,10 mm组MBL为0.15 mm。Nunes等[25]回顾性研究了118个种植体,平均C/I-R为2.53,MBL为0.67 mm。Pieri等[26]在一项前瞻性研究中分析了61个平均C/I-R为1.94 mm的种植体,2年时计算的MBL为0.60 mm。Ramaglia等[27]对平均C/I-R为1.08 的78个种植体进行了前瞻性研究,C/I-R <1 和C/I-R>1 组的5年MBL分别为 0.653 mm 和 0.287 mm。Rossi等[28]在一项前瞻性研究中设置了2组,每组30个种植体:实验组和对照组的平均C/I-R分别为 1.55 和 0.97,负载5年后,实验组MBL为0.14 mm,对照组为0.18 mm。Schneider等[29]在一项回顾性研究中分析了100个种植体,解剖冠根比和临床冠根比分别为1.04和1.48,MBL为0.008 mm。Sharmann等[30]前瞻性分析了2组不同的种植体,每组47个:对照组平均C/I-R为0.86,实验组为1.48,3年后实验组和对照组的平均MBL分别为0.19 mm和0.33 mm。Urdaneta等[31]在一项回顾性研究中分析了326颗平均C/I-R为1.6的种植体,平均MBL为0.33 mm。Villarinho等[32]前瞻性分析了46个种植体,平均C/I-R为1.6,MBL为0.3 mm。Zadeh等[33]对209个种植体进行了为期3年的前瞻性分析,分为2组:测试组的C/I-R为1.78,对照组为0.93,MBL的分析显示,测试组增加了0.04 mm,而对照组减少了0.02 mm。总体而言,回顾性研究的最长随访时间为16年,前瞻性研究为5年,报告的最高C/I-R为2.5。
Full table
Full table
在生物力学上,不利的C/I-R可能会通过杠杆机制影响边缘骨。当受到侧向力时,杠杆臂长的种植修复体会在骨嵴处产生更大的应力。在悬臂模型中已经证明,冠高从10 mm增加到20 mm,可导致力矩成比例增加[34]。C/I-R的计算方法为牙冠和种植体长度之间的比率。我们可以区分两种不同的C/I-R:
- 解剖冠根比:种植体根尖到肩台的距离与种植体肩台到牙冠末端的距离的比值;
- 临床冠根比:根尖到骨水平的距离与骨水平到牙冠末端的距离的比值。
由于骨的粘弹性,种植体-骨界面的刚性低于种植体肩台的连接[16],因此临床冠根比被认为是更准确的。在本综述纳入的研究中,许多研究得出结论:C/I-R与MBL之间的关系并不显著。Urdaneta等[31]得出结论:较大的C/I-R导致修复体并发症的增加,但对MBL没有显著影响。在此项研究中,16%样本的C/I-R>2。Nunes等[25]发现C/I-R和MBL之间存在弱的负相关。Blanes等[16]表示C/I-R和MBL之间没有统计关系。Birdi等[15]发现C/I-R与初期骨结合间没有显著关系。Schneider等[29]得出结论,C/I-R与MBL、机械和生物并发症以及种植体存活率没有显著相关性。Mangano等[23]发现MBL和C/I-R随时间没有相关性,CI 比值每增加0.1,1年骨吸收增加0.023 mm。然而,其他研究发现C/I-R和MBL之间存在更强的相关性。Di Fiore等[17]发现,在多变量分析中,C/I-R> 2与更高的MBL相关。据估计,C/I-R>2导致MBL增加0.28 mm。然而,作者强调,这种增加可能被认为与临床无关。Hingsammer等[20]得出的结论是,0.71 mm的MBL被认为是令人满意的,1.7的C/I-R可以被视为避免早期边缘骨改变的阈值。Malchiodi等[22]表明C/I-R>2的种植体的MBL为 0.72 mm。统计分析表明,解剖和临床C/I-R与MBL相关。作者得出结论,从生物力学的角度来看,为避免过度骨质流失,解剖学和临床C/I-R分别不应超过3.1和3.4。可以看出,C/I-R是与种植体成功和牙槽嵴顶吸收相关的主要因素。
所有这些发现之间的差异可以在各个方面找到。许多研究将不同长度的种植体混合在一起;此外,短种植体的定义也没有标准化:Tawil和Younan认为<10 mm者为短种植体[35];Nisand和Renouard定义长度<8 mm为短种植体,长度<5 mm为超短种植体[36]。由于种植体的长度似乎与杠杆机制无关,因此可能显著相关的部分是牙冠。在前面提到的许多研究中,没有考虑冠高空间(Crown-Height-Space,CHS)与C/I-R的关系。Anitua等[14]分析了45个超短种植体,平均C/I-R为2.4,平均CHS为17.05 mm。结果表明,MBL<2 mm的种植体的平均CHS为17 mm,而MBL>2 mm的种植体的平均CHS为21 mm。统计分析显示,CHS与骨质吸收呈正相关。Nissan等[37]在一项体外研究中发现,在 30 °离轴载荷情况下,牙冠高度从6 mm增加到12 mm,决定了应力分布成比例增加(17.72增加到30.09兆帕)。高于15 mm的CHS被认为是生物力学不利,导致骨水平的压力增加。当力施加在30°时,在CHS> 15 mm和C/I-R为1.75时观察到失败。作者得出结论,在评估与生物力学相关的不利影响时,CHS 比C/I-R更显著,关于C/I-R影响的研究应在其结果中同时提及种植体长度和CHS。
在本综述中,既考虑了夹板式种植修复,也考虑了非夹板式种植修复。许多研究强调,将牙冠用夹板固定在一起可以更好地分散非轴向力,最大限度地减少它们对修复体和骨的负荷,并增加负荷面积[7]。此外,建议在骨质差的情况下使用夹板,以减少水平负载下的边缘骨应力[38]。因此,夹板式种植修复可以改变C/I-R对MBL的实际影响,减少颈部应力,从而实现更好的力分布。然而,在一项体外研究中,Nissan等[37]证明夹板式种植修复可导致更严重的牙槽嵴骨质流失。
总之,根据 EAO[39]最近的共识,可以说C/I-R不超过 2.2不会影响种植修复生物学并发症的可能性,且无显著的MBL。进一步的研究应该调查更高比率的并发症、夹板式种植修复对力分布的影响以及牙冠高度对MBL的作用。
Acknowledgments
Funding: None
Footnote
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the Narrative Review reporting checklist. Available at https://fomm.amegroups.org/article/view/10.21037/fomm-20-57/rc
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://fomm.amegroups.org/article/view/10.21037/fomm-20-57/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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赵泽亮
口腔临床医学博士,主治医师,毕业于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院,The University of Alabama at Birmingham访问学者。目前主要从事口腔种植与修复,前牙美学区种植修复,骨量不足的种植解决方案。中华口腔医学会口腔种植专业委员会委员,中华口腔医学会口腔颌面创伤与正颌专业委员会委员。多次在国内外学术会议作口头报告。发表学术论文9余篇,其中SCI收录论文5篇。参译口腔医学学术专著3部。参研国家自然科学基金3项。(更新时间:2022-05-25)
(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)
Cite this article as: Di Fiore A, Maniero F, Stellini E. The influence of crown-to-implant ratio on marginal bone loss: a narrative review. Front Oral Maxillofac Med 2020;2:29.